TED演讲 | 科技为人道主义带来的变化
| 简介
海地的大地震给全球带来了意想不到的的一课, 让人们意识到手机、通讯的力量可以让人们带来慰藉。在这个演说中, 保罗.康奈利让我们看到了社会媒体以及科技的力量, 以及它们是如何成为救援计划的核心资源。
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The humanitarian model has barely changed since the early 20th century.
人道主义的模型自从20世纪初期就几乎没有改变过
Its origins are firmly rooted in the analog age.
它的起源在模拟时代就根深蒂固了
And there is a major shift coming on the horizon.
海平线即将发生重大的改变
The catalyst for this change
这个的催化剂是
was the major earthquake that struck Haiti on the 12th of January in 2010.
发生在2010年1月12日的海地地震加快了海平线的变化
Haiti was a game changer.
海地地震改变了环境的规则
The earthquake destroyed the capital of Port-au-Prince,
这次地震摧毁了海地首都太子港
claiming the lives of some 320,000 people,
导致32万人丧生
rendering homeless about 1.2 million people.
120万人无家可归
Government institutions were completely decapitated, including the presidential palace.
政府机构包括总统府均已倒塌
I remember standing on the roof of the Ministry of Justice in downtown Port-au-Prince.
我记得我站在太子港市中心司法部大楼的屋顶
It was about two meters high,
屋顶大概有2米高
completely squashed by the violence of the earthquake.
已经被地震彻底粉碎
For those of us on the ground in those early days,
对于我们这些地震后早期达到现场的人来说
it was clear for even the most disaster-hardened veterans that Haiti was something different.
很显然对于那些救灾老手来说海地的情况有所不同
Haiti was something we hadn't seen before.
海地的情况是我们未曾见过的
But Haiti provided us with something else unprecedented.
但海地也为我们提供了前所未有的经验
Haiti allowed us to glimpse into a future of what disaster response might look like
海地让我们了解到，人们在未来高度相连的世界里
in a hyper-connected world where people have access to mobile smart devices.
如何应对灾难，去帮助他们逃离灾难
Because out of the urban devastation in Port-au-Prince
由于城市之外的太子港被摧毁
came a torrent of SMS texts -- people crying for help,
大量的手机发出短信--人们呼救，
beseeching us for assistance, sharing data, offering support, looking for their loved ones.
寻求帮助，分享信息，提供支持，寻找他们爱的人
This was a situation that traditional aid agencies had never before encountered.
这种情况是传统的救援机构未曾遇到的
We were in one of the poorest countries on the planet,
我们身处全世界最贫穷的国家之一
but 80 percent of the people had mobile devices in their hands.
但是80%的人都拥有手机
And we were unprepared for this, and they were shaping the aid effort.
我们没有预料到，他们塑造了援助工作的模式
Outside Haiti also, things were looking different.
海地之外，情况也不一样
Tens of thousands of so-called digital volunteers were scouring the Internet,
成千上万所谓的“数码志愿者”在网络上搜寻
converting tweets that had already been converted from texts
将短信信息转换成推特信息
and putting these into open-source maps,
然后放到开放资源的地图上
layering them with all sorts of important information -- people like Crisis Mappers and Open Street Map --
把它们和其他各种重要信息结合--这些人就如同危机地图和公开街道地图的绘图者--
and putting these on the Web for everybody
然后把这些信息放在网上供大家
the media, the aid organizations and the communities themselves to participate in and to use.
包括媒体，救援组织和社会群体本身让大家参与使用
Back in Haiti, people were increasingly turning to the medium of SMS.
在海地，人民越来越倾向使用短信
People that were hungry and hurting were signaling their distress, were signaling their need for help.
那些饥饿和受伤的人们发出遇难的信号，发出求救的信号
On street sides all over Port-au-Prince,
在太子港的街道边
entrepreneurs sprung up offering mobile phone charging stations.
涌现出很多创业者提供手机充电站
They understood more than we did people's innate need to be connected.
他们比我们更懂得人与生俱来的互相连接的需要
Never having been confronted with this type of situation before,
我们从未遇到过此类情况，
we wanted to try and understand how we could tap into this incredible resource,
我们想努力了解如何利用这些令人难以置信的信息资源
how we could really leverage this incredible use of mobile technology and SMS technology.
我们该如何利用这令人难以置信的手机技术和短信技术
We started talking with a local telecom provider called Viola,
我们开始于一个当地的电信运营商Viola对话
which is a subsidiary of Trilogy International.
它是Trilogy International(电信运营商)的一个分公司
We had basically three requirements.
我们有三个基本要求
We wanted to communicate in a two-way form of communication.
我们希望以双方交流的方式进行交流
We didn't want to shout; we needed to listen as well.
我们不想只是呼吁，我们需要倾听
We wanted to be able to target specific geographic communities.
我们希望瞄准特定地理区域
We didn't need to talk to the whole country at the same time.
我们不需要同时面向全国
And we wanted it to be easy to use.
我们希望它易于使用
Out of this rubble of Haiti and from this devastation came something that we call TERA
从海地这片破坏的废墟瓦砾中得到一种我们称之为"塔拉"(TERA)的东西
the Trilogy Emergency Response Application
即紧急应变程序
which has been used to support the aid effort ever since.
从海地之后已经被应用到救援中
It has been used to help communities prepare for disasters.
它已经被用来帮助社区的灾前准备
It has been used to signal early warning in advance of weather-related disasters.
他也被用来提前发布气象灾难预警
It's used for public health awareness campaigns such as the prevention of cholera.
他被用作公共健康宣传活动，例如霍乱的预防
And it is even used for sensitive issues
它甚至还被用作一些敏感事件
such as building awareness around gender-based violence.
例如建立对性暴力的认知
But does it work?
但是，它有效吗
We have just published an evaluation of this program,
我们刚刚发布了对这个项目的评估
and the evidence that is there for all to see is quite remarkable.
所有证据显示效果非常显著
Some 74 percent of people received the data.
74%的人收到讯息
Those who were intended to receive the data, 74 percent of them received it.
那些预设的接收者中，有74%的人收到讯息
96 percent of them found it useful.
其中96%的人认为有用
83 percent of them took action evidence that it is indeed empowering.
83%的人采取行动，证实确有扩大影响力
And 73 percent of them shared it.
73%的人会分享信息
The TERA system was developed from Haiti with support of engineers in the region.
TERA系统在当地工程师的协助下，创建于海地
It is a user-appropriate technology that has been used for humanitarian good to great effect.
这是一个适合用户的技术，它已被用于人道主义救援并产生很好的效果
Technology is transformational.
科技在变革
Right across the developing world,
整个发展中国家
citizens and communities are using technology to enable them to bring about change, positive change, in their own communities.
居民和社会都在利用科技给社会带来的好处，在他们的环境中
The grassroots has been strengthened
通过社会力量的分享
through the social power of sharing and they are challenging the old models,
强化了基层的力量，他们正在挑战旧的模式
the old analog models of control and command.
旧的控制和命令的模拟模式
One illustration of the transformational power of technology is in Kibera.
一个与科技改革力量有关的例子发生在基贝拉
Kibera is one of Africa's largest slums.
基贝拉是非洲最大的贫民窟之一
It's on the outskirts of Nairobi, the capital city of Kenya.
位于肯亚首都内罗毕郊区
It's home to an unknown number of people -- some say between 250,000 and 1.2 million.
这里居住的人口数目不详--有人说大约25万到120万人之间
If you were to arrive in Nairobi today and pick up a tourist map,
如果现在你到了内罗毕，在旅游地图上你会看到
Kibera is represented as a lush, green national park devoid of human settlement.
基贝拉是丰富的，绿色的国家公园的代表，很少有人居住在那里
Young people living in Kibera in their community,
住在基贝拉的年轻人，在他们的社区中，
with simple handheld devices,
都有一些简单的手提设备
GPS handheld devices and SMS-enabled mobile phones, have literally put themselves on the map.
全球定位系统和手机都准确地定位了他们的位置
They have collated crowd-sourced data and rendered the invisible visible.
他们比较了许多数据资料，也帮助了迷失的人们找到方向
People like Josh and Steve are continuing to layer information upon information,
一些人像乔希和史蒂夫不断地收集最新的资料消息
real-time information, Tweet it and text it onto these maps for all to use.
然后把他们放在电子地图上，让大家都了解到最新情报
You can find out about the latest impromptu music session.
你可以找到最新的即兴音乐会
You can find out about the latest security incident.
最新的安全事故
You can find out about places of worship.
做礼拜的场所
You can find out about the health centers.
和保健中心
You can feel the dynamism of this living, breathing community.
你可以感受到社区的活力四射
They also have their own news network on YouTube with 36,000 viewers at the moment.
在YouTube(视频网站)上，他们还有自己的新闻联播，至今已有36000个观众
They're showing us what can be done with mobile, digital technologies.
他们向我们展示了利用移动通信，数码科技能做哪些事情
They're showing that the magic of technology can bring the invisible visible.
他们向我们展示科学技术的魔力，将无形变为有形的魔力
And they are giving a voice to themselves.
他们可以向世界说出自己的心声
They are telling their own story, bypassing the official narrative.
说出他们自己真实的故事，而不是由官方媒体陈述
And we're seeing from all points on the globe similar stories.
我们可以看到许多相同的故事
In Mongolia for instance, where 30 percent of the people are nomadic,
比如说在蒙古，30%的人是游牧民族
SMS information systems are being used to track migration and weather patterns.
短信服务使他们能够跟着大伙迁移和了解天气
SMS is even used to hold herder summits from remote participation.
短信服务甚至让牧羊人参与远程活动
And if people are migrating into urban, unfamiliar, concrete environments,
如果那些人迁移到他们不熟悉的现代都市
they can also be helped in anticipation with social supporters ready and waiting for them based on SMS knowledge.
那些事先准备好的社会支援者，在短信服务的帮助下，也可以尽快帮助他们
In Nigeria,
在尼日利亚
open-source SMS tools are being used by the Red Cross community workers
红十字会的工作人员也在使用开放的短信工具
to gather information from the local community
他们从当地社区里收集资料
in an attempt to better understand and mitigate the prevalence of malaria.
为了更好地理解和控制疟疾的扩散
My colleague, Jason Peat, who runs this program,
我的同事杰森·皮特负责这个项目，
tells me it's 10 times faster and 10 times cheaper than the traditional way of doing things.
他告诉我短信服务比以前的方法快了10倍，也便宜了10倍
And not only is it empowering to the communities,
这不仅仅让社区更加有效率
but really importantly,
更重要的是
this information stays in the community where it is needed to formulate long-term health polices.
这些信息能够一些需要长期的保健项目的社区
We are on a planet of seven billion people, five billion mobile subscriptions.
我们生活在一个有七十亿人口的星球上，而有五十亿人拥有手机
By 2015, there will be three billion smartphones in the world.
在2015年，世界上将会有30亿部智能手机
The U.N. broadband commission has recently set targets to help broadband access in 50 percent of the Developing World,
联合国最近工作的目标就是把在发展中国家的宽带的使用率提升到50%
compared to 20 percent today.
从现在20%的水平
We are hurtling towards a hyper-connected world
我们马上会进入一个网络飞速的世界
where citizens from all cultures and all social strata will have access to smart, fast mobile devices.
所有国家的人民无论贫穷富贵都会有一个智能移动设备
People are understanding, from Cairo to Oakland,
人们逐渐了解到，从开罗到奥克兰
that there are new ways to come together,
我们会有全新的方式去沟通、
there are new ways to mobilize, there are new ways to influence.
去动员、去影响世人
A transformation is coming which needs to be understood by the humanitarian structures and humanitarian models.
我们必须理解人道主义的结构、榜样正在发生变革
The collective voices of people needs to be more integrated through new technologies
人们的心声需要通过新的科技
into the organizational strategies and plans of actions
转化为有组织的战略和有计划地行动
and not just recycled for fundraising or marketing.
而不仅仅为了捐款和销售去循环重复
We need to, for example, embrace the big data,
比如我们需要接受庞大的数据
the knowledge that is there from market leaders
市场领头者的知识
who understand what it means to use and leverage big data.
他们懂得如何利用和均衡那些庞大的数据
One idea that I'd like you to consider, for instance, is to take a look at our IT departments.
我希望你能认真地看看我们的科技部门
They're normally backroom or basement hardware service providers,
科技人员通常提供不起眼的硬件服务
but they need to be elevated to software strategists.
而他们需要被软件工程师给提拔
We need people in our organizations who know what it's like to work with big data.
在我们的组织中，我们需要一些人来懂得如何操控庞大的数据
We need technology as a core organizational principle.
我们组织的核心技术就是科技
We need technological strategists in the boardroom who can ask and answer the question,
我们的组织需要优秀的科技工程师找出关键问题的答案
"What would Amazon or Google do with all of this data?"
"亚马逊或者谷歌会怎样处理这些数据呢?"
and convert it to humanitarian good.
继而再为人类作出好的贡献
The possibilities that new digital technologies are bringing can help humanitarian organizations,
新的电子技术可以让一些组织更有效地帮助人类
not only ensure that people's right to information is met,
不仅仅确保了人们有权力获得相关信息
or that they have their right to communicate,
或者有权力互相沟通
but I think in the future,
而是，在将来
humanitarian organizations will also have to anticipate
帮助人类的组织们可以
the right for people to access critical communication technologies
让人类能够获得关键的通讯技术
in order to ensure that their voices are heard,
从而确保世界可以听到他们的心声
that they're truly participating, that they're truly empowered in the humanitarian world.
可以知道他们真正在做什么，可以了解他们如何使世界更加博爱
It has always been the elusive ideal
以往让所有的灾民
to ensure full participation of people affected by disasters in the humanitarian effort.
都参与到这样的活动中，一直是难以实现的
We now have the tools. We now have the possibilities.
而现在我们有了工具让这些成为可能
There are no more reasons not to do it.
没有什么理由阻止我们那样做了
I believe we need to bring the humanitarian world from analog to digital.
我相信我们必须把我们的世界科技化
Thank you very much.
谢谢大家
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